# Procedural (Imperative) Programming

#### Historical Overview

The roots of Procedural or Imperative programming trace back to the early days of computing. This paradigm has been foundational in the development of software engineering and programming languages.

**Early Developments**

* **1950s — Fortran:** Developed by IBM in the 1950s, Fortran (short for Formula Translation) is one of the earliest programming languages. It introduced the concept of using mathematical formulas in programming, laying the groundwork for procedural programming.
* **1960s — ALGOL:** The creation of ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) in the late 1950s and early 1960s marked a significant advancement in the evolution of programming languages. It was designed with a clear structure that promoted the use of procedures and functions.

**Evolution and Adoption**

* **1970s — C Language:** The C language, developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs, epitomized procedural programming. Its introduction of a clear syntax for procedural constructs influenced many languages that followed.
* **Structured Programming:** The concept of structured programming, advocated by computer scientists like Edsger D. Dijkstra in the 1970s, pushed for the use of subroutines, loops, and conditionals to create clearer and more maintainable code. This approach is a key facet of procedural programming.

**Influence on Modern Programming**

* Procedural programming principles have profoundly influenced the development of later programming languages and paradigms, including Object-oriented programming (OOP).
* Many contemporary programming languages, like Python and Java, still support procedural programming, allowing functions to be created and called, even in the context of otherwise object-oriented programs.

**Legacy and Continuing Relevance**

* While newer paradigms like OOP and Functional Programming have gained prominence, the legacy of procedural programming endures.
* Procedural programming remains integral for teaching fundamental programming concepts and for applications where straightforward, step-by-step processing of data is required.

#### Definition and Explanation

Procedural or Imperative programming is a programming paradigm that follows a series of instructions in order to achieve a desired output. Fundamentally, it involves writing procedures or functions that perform operations on data, and these procedures are executed in sequence. This paradigm is grounded in the concept of procedure call, where procedures, also known as routines, subroutines or functions, are collections of statements that perform a specific task.

#### Structure and Focus

The structure of Procedural Programming is based on the concept of calling procedures in a specific sequence. This sequence controls the flow of the program. The focus is on breaking down a task into smaller subtasks or procedures. Each procedure is responsible for carrying out a specific operation, and it can be reused throughout the program which improves modularity.

#### Benefits

* **Simplicity:** Since programs are structured into procedures, understanding and debugging the code becomes easier.
* **Modularity:** Functions can be reused across the program, reducing code redundancy.
* **Efficiency in Code Management:** Changes in one part of code can be easily managed without affecting other parts significantly.

#### Drawbacks

* **Scalability Issues:** For very large and complex systems, managing the sequence of procedures can become cumbersome.
* **Limited Flexibility:** Procedural Programming can be less flexible in terms of incorporating new features or modifying existing ones.
* **Poor Handling of Real-World Problems:** Due to its linear approach, it might not be as effective in handling real-world scenarios that are dynamic and require object-oriented strategies.

#### Main Languages Supporting Procedural Programming

* **C:** One of the oldest and most popular procedural languages.
* **Fortran:** Known for its scientific and engineering applications.
* **Pascal:** Designed for teaching good programming practices.
* **Basic:** Stands for Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
* **Ada:** Designed by the U.S. Department of Defense, for use in embedded and real-time systems.
